The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. henry county courthouse mcdonough, ga outshock inflatable punching bag atlantean city loomian legacy release date. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. TOK prompt- can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Traditional values and biases die hard. Values are a set of collective ideologies which society finds comfortable following. The question here is what is meant by objectivity? This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). The doing of unethical or unlawful actions will become de riguer as they take their place within the worlds corporations. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. Users who like Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. After having fought a Revolutionary War to replace someone who they believed was a tyrant (King George III), he claims that the USAs founding fathers wished to replace one form of tyranny with another. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? When we speak of the production of knowledge, we are tacitly recognizing technology as a way of knowing as a way of revealing the things that are hidden. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? The problem here is the normal definition of faith: i.e., to believe. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. A long time ago, from 384 - 322 BC, there lived a man named Aristotle. Participate in the administration of the office to which assigned; assist supervisor in meeting reporting requirements, functional . may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? Minor v. Happersett. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. These topics are too complex to go into here, but you could do some research on them before setting off on your journey to your Exhibition. Understanding is prior to interpretation. your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. how to drink with a scram bracelet on; ottlite military time; online teaching meaning in kannada; This type of speaking in under great threat in todays world. Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. There must be a corresponding relation or reality of the book, the table and the books place on the table. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. 16. The comment should also justify the inclusion of the object in the exhibition and explain its links to the IA prompt (i.e. is. This answer has been added to the Weegy Knowledgebase. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. This object showcases Japanese people having pride in their country as they believe that their beliefs are the absolute truth when in reality they aren't. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is yes, so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered knowledge prior to it. Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. scientific temper, logical thoughts and rational outlook. At some point in the future you will become a member of a knowledge community within the multi-versities that are post-secondary education. This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world. Every posing of every question takes place within that which is granted to us, our legacy, in its very presence in who and what we think we are. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. The hypothesis that values change and evolve is examined by this paper. This reign of the object as material thing, as the genuine substructure of all things, reaches into the area that we call the spiritual; into the sphere of the meaning and significance of language, of history, of the work of art, and all of the areas of knowledge of TOK. New knowledge change established values or beliefs by new knowledge can be interpreted in different methods due to perspective. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world? Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. What counts as knowledge? What activities are the most likely to infect your computer with a Read the following sentence. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. 19. The projecting of analogies or models is part of the erecting of a framework from which you will demonstrate how you have viewed the objects/images present and show them in a new light (possibly) to others. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. what counts as good evidence. For knowledge to be accumulated and disseminated there must be both a communicator of the knowledge and an audience of hearers. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. Which may still be the talk of someone's grandmother, whose opinion hasn't changed after all. A world-picture is only one constituent of a world-view. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. Ignoring historical facts and diminishing historical knowledge to the realm of mere imaginative interpretation can lead to a false sense of historical knowledge. The providing of sufficient reasons is related to what is known as the correspondence theory of truth. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. In doing this, you as a human being will understand yourself in terms of the possibilities open to you through your thinking. B. But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. He, movements heralded the dawn of a new era of. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. It is difficult to take as sane someone who does not. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. From Platos dialectic or that conversation that is conducted among friends, we have inductive and deductive logic, from diaeresisanddianoia,the separation and the bringing together. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. the book is on the table, etc. Galen's scientific beliefs had been around for 1600 years, throughout which each day increased the likelihood of Harvey's new knowledge being rejected. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. A new knowledge can change established values or beliefs: Since these beliefs and values are so personal, they cannot always be proven correct/incorrect. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. You need to enable JavaScript to use SoundCloud, Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? OT2: Knowledge and Technology. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. All translation is an interpretation. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). In general, values systems tend to have two fundamental bases:. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? Finally, you should also include appropriate citations and references. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has . CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. In this search, we tend to look for things or at possible things which are far away from us rather than at those things that are nearest to us. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. An examination of the characteristics of the types of knowledge has been undertaken in greater depth on this prompt in this blog: https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. This is known as the correspondence theory of truth. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. 8. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. INTERREGIONAL DIALOGUE. However, such knowledge has also brought about many ills and challenges that we are now trying to overcome and must overcome if we are to sustain life on this planet. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. Understanding what the purpose of a great work of art is remains for us a mystery since they appear to be purpose itself. Hence, even new knowledge can be interpreted in different methods due to perspective, hence it will have a varying impact on the values and beliefs of individuals. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. 13. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. On most occasions we do not and this is due to our relation to the objects of the world that we have brought before us. !Kristiana collected data on the amount of t Experience can also mean to go, travel, etc., literally to go forth, and this understanding has a more external quality. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. 30. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. User: Why was the Weegy: Steve Reich travelled to Ghana in 1970 to study: Ewe drumming. Bookmark. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. Knowledge can strengthen or weaken a belief. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Since Descartes, the experience of human beings is as an I that relates to the world such that it renders this world to itself in the form of connections correctly established between its representations i.e. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. After all, history can have a moral function, as we can learn from our mistakes in the past. It also means to put something in its place, or putting something in order for something else such as gathering together the things that are required of a recipe so that we may later prepare it, the step-by-step process involved in preparing to bring about a desirable end. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. To change the knowledge established values or beliefs: Since these beliefs and values are so personal, they cannot always be proven correct/incorrect. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. It may be personal, expressing ones own particular life-experience and opinions (ones personal knowledge), or total, extinguishing all personal opinions (shared knowledge). Here in Bali, the gods choose to show themselves more favourably so that a Balinese person would have no trouble concurring with the ancient Greek Heraclitus that everything is full of gods. This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. The essence of human beings is reason. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. which is its completeness of the calculably secure establishing of objects and the securing of the calculability of our reckoning with them. Therefore, changing our beliefs and values is virtually impossible. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. The new knowledge cuts the cords holding the old values in place. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. Thoughtful connections can be made here. Before you apply - make sure the job is legit. What do these choices indicate? It is not a truth relativism; it may reveal or it may not. Read this prompt together with #19. 4. While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. Works of art, poems, and tragedies are all perceived as things, and the manner of our questioning about them is done through research, the calculation that determines why the things/the works are as they are through historical studies. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? (LogOut/ The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. But belief in itself arises out of lack of knowledge. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in one's response to it. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? the truth as unconcealment i.e what we have determined a thing or being to be in the first place. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. It is the system that makes information possible. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. M22 tok exhibition. How can we judge when evidence is adequate? It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? d. the interquartile range of the amount of time in minutes females in the sample customers spent in the store is 15 minutes. In asking the question why do we seek knowledge, we are asking what is the reason that our being is grounded in the principle of reason. This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. Techneis a know how that is established and derived from a knowledge by acquaintance or epistemology. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. User: Acquiring, Storing, and Weegy: President pro tempore conducts Senate meetings when the vice president is unavailable. A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. Today Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. Your Exhibition is a rendering that is handed over to others i.e. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Not only can it change established beliefs, it can also cause a complete paradigm shift from the status quo. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. They may sometimes be understood as inner states, activities and processes that we are aware of or live through, but do not usually make objects of introspection or reflection. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. He was a smart man, dedicated to his work. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. Do not sell or share my personal information, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUCDTLgthDY&feature=emb_logo. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. Beliefs are the convictions or inner narratives we hold that define our values. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. Please download one of our supported browsers. Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. the technological. 14. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. What is this? What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. Ethical obligations were called rendering what was due to some thing or another. 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